Blocks of code, such as while, until, and for loops, even if/then test blocks can also incorporate
redirection of stdin. Even a function may
use this form of redirection (see Example 24.11, “Real name from username”).
The < operator at the end of the code block
accomplishes this.
Example 20.5. Redirected while loop
#!/bin/bash
# redir2.sh
if [ -z "$1" ]
then
Filename=names.data # Default, if no filename specified.
else
Filename=$1
fi
#+ Filename=${1:-names.data}
# can replace the above test (parameter substitution).
count=0
echo
while [ "$name" != Smith ] # Why is variable $name in quotes?
do
read name # Reads from $Filename, rather than stdin.
echo $name
let "count += 1"
done <"$Filename" # Redirects stdin to file $Filename.
# ^^^^^^^^^^^^
echo; echo "$count names read"; echo
exit 0
# Note that in some older shell scripting languages,
#+ the redirected loop would run as a subshell.
# Therefore, $count would return 0, the initialized value outside the loop.
# Bash and ksh avoid starting a subshell *whenever possible*,
#+ so that this script, for example, runs correctly.
# (Thanks to Heiner Steven for pointing this out.)
# However . . .
# Bash *can* sometimes start a subshell in a PIPED "while-read" loop,
#+ as distinct from a REDIRECTED "while" loop.
abc=hi
echo -e "1\n2\n3" | while read l
do abc="$l"
echo $abc
done
echo $abc
# Thanks, Bruno de Oliveira Schneider, for demonstrating this
#+ with the above snippet of code.
# And, thanks, Brian Onn, for correcting an annotation error.
Example 20.6. Alternate form of redirected while loop
#!/bin/bash
# This is an alternate form of the preceding script.
# Suggested by Heiner Steven
#+ as a workaround in those situations when a redirect loop
#+ runs as a subshell, and therefore variables inside the loop
# +do not keep their values upon loop termination.
if [ -z "$1" ]
then
Filename=names.data # Default, if no filename specified.
else
Filename=$1
fi
exec 3<&0 # Save stdin to file descriptor 3.
exec 0<"$Filename" # Redirect standard input.
count=0
echo
while [ "$name" != Smith ]
do
read name # Reads from redirected stdin ($Filename).
echo $name
let "count += 1"
done # Loop reads from file $Filename
#+ because of line 20.
# The original version of this script terminated the "while" loop with
#+ done <"$Filename"
# Exercise:
# Why is this unnecessary?
exec 0<&3 # Restore old stdin.
exec 3<&- # Close temporary fd 3.
echo; echo "$count names read"; echo
exit 0
Example 20.7. Redirected until loop
#!/bin/bash # Same as previous example, but with "until" loop. if [ -z "$1" ] then Filename=names.data # Default, if no filename specified. else Filename=$1 fi # while [ "$name" != Smith ] until [ "$name" = Smith ] # Change != to =. do read name # Reads from $Filename, rather than stdin. echo $name done <"$Filename" # Redirects stdin to file $Filename. # ^^^^^^^^^^^^ # Same results as with "while" loop in previous example. exit 0
Example 20.8. Redirected for loop
#!/bin/bash
if [ -z "$1" ]
then
Filename=names.data # Default, if no filename specified.
else
Filename=$1
fi
line_count=`wc $Filename | awk '{ print $1 }'`
# Number of lines in target file.
#
# Very contrived and kludgy, nevertheless shows that
#+ it's possible to redirect stdin within a "for" loop...
#+ if you're clever enough.
#
# More concise is line_count=$(wc -l < "$Filename")
for name in `seq $line_count` # Recall that "seq" prints sequence of numbers.
# while [ "$name" != Smith ] -- more complicated than a "while" loop --
do
read name # Reads from $Filename, rather than stdin.
echo $name
if [ "$name" = Smith ] # Need all this extra baggage here.
then
break
fi
done <"$Filename" # Redirects stdin to file $Filename.
# ^^^^^^^^^^^^
exit 0
We can modify the previous example to also redirect the output of the loop.
Example 20.9. Redirected for loop (both
stdin and stdout
redirected)
#!/bin/bash
if [ -z "$1" ]
then
Filename=names.data # Default, if no filename specified.
else
Filename=$1
fi
Savefile=$Filename.new # Filename to save results in.
FinalName=Jonah # Name to terminate "read" on.
line_count=`wc $Filename | awk '{ print $1 }'` # Number of lines in target file.
for name in `seq $line_count`
do
read name
echo "$name"
if [ "$name" = "$FinalName" ]
then
break
fi
done < "$Filename" > "$Savefile" # Redirects stdin to file $Filename,
# ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ and saves it to backup file.
exit 0
Example 20.10. Redirected if/then test
#!/bin/bash if [ -z "$1" ] then Filename=names.data # Default, if no filename specified. else Filename=$1 fi TRUE=1 if [ "$TRUE" ] # if true and if : also work. then read name echo $name fi <"$Filename" # ^^^^^^^^^^^^ # Reads only first line of file. # An "if/then" test has no way of iterating unless embedded in a loop. exit 0
Example 20.11. Data file names.data for above examples
Aristotle Arrhenius Belisarius Capablanca Dickens Euler Goethe Hegel Jonah Laplace Maroczy Purcell Schmidt Schopenhauer Semmelweiss Smith Steinmetz Tukhashevsky Turing Venn Warshawski Znosko-Borowski # This is a data file for #+ "redir2.sh", "redir3.sh", "redir4.sh", "redir4a.sh", "redir5.sh".
Redirecting the stdout of a code
block has the effect of saving its output to a file. See Example 3.2, “Saving the output of a code block to a file”.
Here documents
are a special case of redirected code blocks. That being the case,
it should be possible to feed the output of a here
document into the stdin for a
while loop.
# This example by Albert Siersema
# Used with permission (thanks!).
function doesOutput()
# Could be an external command too, of course.
# Here we show you can use a function as well.
{
ls -al *.jpg | awk '{print $5,$9}'
}
nr=0 # We want the while loop to be able to manipulate these and
totalSize=0 #+ to be able to see the changes after the 'while' finished.
while read fileSize fileName ; do
echo "$fileName is $fileSize bytes"
let nr++
totalSize=$((totalSize+fileSize)) # Or: "let totalSize+=fileSize"
done<<EOF
$(doesOutput)
EOF
echo "$nr files totaling $totalSize bytes"